The replacement of cations associated with the clay surface by those of another species, e.g., the conversion of sodium clay to calcium clay.

A solid disc used to dead end a companion flange.

The walking beam of a pumping unit.

A tube placed around the retrieving neck of a retrievable bridge plug to “catch” debris.

An expandable, cylindrically shaped gripping mechanism that is fitted into an overshot to retrieve fish from the borehole.

See grapple.

The main parts of the valves in a plunger-type oil-well pump.

1.

Reduce pressure by letting oil or gas escape at a low rate.

2.

To equalize or relieve pressure from a vessel or system.

At the conclusion of high-pressure tests or treatments, the pressure within the treatment lines and associated systems must be bled off safely to enable subsequent phases of the operation to continue.

The bleedoff process must be conducted with a high degree of control to avoid the effect of sudden depressurization, which may create shock forces and fluid-disposal hazards.

also known as bleed down.

A tubing sub made of abrasion-resistant material.

It is used in a tubing string where high-velocity flow through perforations may cause external erosion.

A friction wrench used in repairing oil-well pumps

Abbreviation: barrel

In the united states, a measure of the rate of flow of a well; the total amount of oil and other fluids produced or processed per day.

Casing without perforations

An integral part of a blowout preventer, which serves as the closing element on an open hole.

Its ends do not fit around the drill pipe but seal against each other and shut off the space below completely.

See ram

A fishing accessory run above a bit or a mill to recover small, nondrillable pieces of metal or junk.

1.

Barium sulfate; a mineral frequently used to increase the weight or density of drilling mud.

Its relative density is 4.2 (or 4.2 times denser than water).

See barium sulfate, mud.

2.

Weighting material with a specific gravity of 4.37 used to increase the apparent density of a liquid drilling fluid system.

Barite [baso4] is the most common weighting agent used today.

It is a mined material ground to an api specification such that particle sizes are predominantly in the 3 to 74 micron range.