Oil & Gas Glossary 1.0

The use of the energy that raises from the expansion of compressed gas in a reservoir to move crude oil to a wellbore. Also call reservoir drive mechanism.

The reservoir drive mechanism in which oil is produced by the expansion of the underlying water and rock, which forces the oil into the wellbore. In general, there are two types of water drive: bottom-water drive, in which the oil is totally underlain by water; and edgewater drive, in which only a portion of the oil is in contact with the water.

The process in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore by natural energy. Gas drives depend on the fact that, as the reservoir is produced, pressure is reduced, allowing the gas to expand and provide the driving energy. Water-drive reservoirs depend on water pressure to force the hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into the wellbore.

The movement of fluids in a reservoir resulting from the force of gravity. In the absence of an effective water or gas drive, gravity drainage is an important source of energy to produce oil, and it may also supplement other types of natural drive. Also called segregation drive.

1. to drive oil from a reservoir into a well by injecting water under pressure into the reservoir formation. See waterflooding.

An oilwell that has come in with such great pressure that the oil jets out of the well like a geyser. In reality, a gusher is a blowout and is extremely wasteful of reservoir fluids and drive energy. In the early days of the oil industry, gushers were common and many times were the only indication that a large reservoir of oil and gas had been struck. See blowout.

A method of improved recovery in which steam is injected into a reservoir through injection wells and driven toward production wells. The steam reduces the viscosity of crude off, causing it to flow more freely. The heat vaporizes lighter hydrocarbons; as they move ahead of the steam, they cool and condense into liquids that dissolve and displace crude oil The steam provides additional gas drive. This method is used to recover viscous oils. Also called continuous steam injection or steam flooding.

The setting afire of some portion of the reservoir in order that the gases produced by combustion will drive oil ahead of it to the producing wells.

The average pressure within the reservoir at any given time. Determination of this value is best made by bottomhole pressure measurements with adequate shut-in time. If a shut-in period long enough for the reservoir pressure to stabilize is impractical, then various techniques of analysis by pressure buildup or drawdown tests are available to determine static reservoir pressure.

A porous and permeable underground formation containing an individual and separate natural accumulation of producible hydrocarbons (oil and/or gas) which is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is characterized by a single natural pressure system. A subsurface, porous, permeable rock body in which oil and/or gas is stored, Most reservoir rocks are limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas, and condensate. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases because of the variance in their gravities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. In a condensate reservoir, the hydrocarbons may exist as a gas, but, when brought to the surface, some of the heavier ones condense to a liquid.

A large, specially designed, self-propelled workover rig that a person drives directly to the well site. Power from a carrier rig's hoist engine or engines also propels the rig on the road. While a carrier rig is primarily intended to perform workovers, it can also be used to drill relatively shallow wells. A carrier rig may be a back-in type or a drive-in type. See back-in unit, drive-in unit.

A phenomenon that often occurs in an injection project in which the fluid being injected does not contact the entire reservoir but bypasses sections of the reservoir fluids in a finger-like manner. Fingering is not desirable, because portions of the reservoir are not contacted by the injection fluid.

A mechanical drive using a driving chain and chain gears to transmit power. Power transmissions use a roller chain, in which each link is made of side bars, transverse pins, and rollers on the pins. A double roller chain is made of two connected rows or links, a triple roller chain of three, and so forth.

2. impermeable rock overlying an oil or gas reservoir that tends to prevent migration of oil or gas out of the reservoir.

Generally, the first string of casing in a well. It may be lowered into a hole drilled into the formations near the surface and cemented in place; or it may be driven into the ground by a special pile drive (in such cases, it is sometimes called drive pipe); or it may be jetted into place in offshore locations. Its purpose is to prevent the soft formations near the surface from caving in and to conduct drilling mud from the bottom of the hole to the surface when drilling starts. Also called conductor pipe.

The first stage of oil production in which natural reservoir drives are used to recover oil, although some form of artificial lift may be required to exploit declining reservoir drives.

An arrangement for producing a well in which one wellbore penetrates two or more petroleum-bearing formations. In one type, multiple tubing strings are suspended side by side in the production casing string, each a different length and each packed to prevent the commingling of different reservoir fluids. Each reservoir is then produced through its own tubing string. Alternatively, a small-diameter production casing string may be provided for each reservoir, as in multiple miniaturized or multiple tubingless completions.

The surface area overlying an oil reservoir or reservoirs. The term usually includes not only the surface area, but also the reservoir, the wells, and the production equipment.

A mechanism used in packers to lock components together.

In general, the term "pool" is synonymous with the term "reservoir"; however, in certain situations, a pool may consist of more than one reservoir.

A mechanism in some packers to set and release the tool with a minimum of rotation

The difference between two fluid pressures; for example, the difference between the pressure in a reservoir and in a wellbore drilled in the reservoir, or between atmospheric pressure at sea level and at 10,000 feet.

A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table can be transmitted to the kelly. Also called rotary bushing.

A link and lever mechanism which is used to tighten a chain holding a load on a truck.

Heavy lifting mechanism used on rigs to provide a mechanical pulling and running advantage.

An emergency mechanism component enabling the retrieval of a packer (or tubing) if stuck.

A hinged closure mechanism operating in a pivot manner, used to shut off tubing flow.

An oil-recovery process which involves the injection of a solvent followed by a displacing fluid. - A method of secondary recovery of fluids from a reservoir by injection of fluids that are miscible with the reservoir fluids.

An interval device commonly found in subsurface safety valves used to protect the tool's closure mechanism from the wellbore media.

An internal mechanism employed in certain tools to lock cones to the mandrel

A helically shaped gripping mechanism that is fitted into an overshot to retrieve fish from the borehole. See grapple.

A flow-control device employing a ball with a rotating mechanism to open or close the tubing medium.

An expandable, cylindrically shaped gripping mechanism that is fitted into an overshot to retrieve fish from the borehole. See grapple.

The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit.

1. a pipe connection around a valve or other control mechanism that is installed to permit passage of fluid through the line while adjustments or repairs are being made on the control.

A method of improved oil recovery in which chemicals dissolved in water are pumped into a reservoir through injection wells to mobilize off left behind after primary or secondary recovery and to move it toward production wells. The chemical solution includes surfactants or surfactant-forming chemicals that reduce the interfacial and capillary forces between oil and water, releasing the oil and carrying it out of the pores where it has been trapped. The solution may also contain cosurfactants to match the viscosity of the solution to that of the oil to stabilize the solution and to prevent its absorption by reservoir rock. An electrolyte is often added to aid in adjusting viscosity. Injection of the chemical solution is followed by a slug of water thickened with a polymer, which pushes the released oil through the reservoir, decreases the effective permeability of established channels so that new channels are opened, and serves as a mobility buffer between the chemical solution and the final injection of water.

See steam drive

See kelly bushing

A mechanism that is fitted into an overshot to grasp and retrieve fish from the borehole. The interior of a grapple is wickered to engage the fish.

A type of portable service or workover rig that is self-propelled, using power from the hoisting engines. The driver's cab and steering wheel are mounted on the same end as the mast support; thus the unit can be driven straight ahead to reach the wellhead. See carrier rig.

The turning force that is applied to a shaft or other rotary mechanism to cause it to rotate or tend to do so. Torque is measured in units of length and force (footpounds, newton-meters).

Gas that is stored in an underground reservoir.

The development of a reservoir to extract its oil.

A well completed for the production of crude oil from at least one oil zone or reservoir.

Gas-oil or oil-water interface in a reservoir.

Natural gas which is in solution with crude oil in the reservoir.

A well equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more than one reservoir.

2. extract or cause to flow by means of a borehole, e.g., to tape a reservoir.

The principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.

The movement of oil from the area in which it was formed to a reservoir rock where it can accumulate.

2. replacement of one fluid by another in the pore space of a reservoir. For example, oil may be displaced by water.

A part of the brake mechanism consisting of a flexible steel band lined with a material that grips a drum when tightened. On a drilling rig, the brake band acts on the flanges of the drawworks drum to control the lowering of the traveling block and its load of drill pipe, casing, or tubing.

A well through which fluids are injected into an underground stratum to increase reservoir pressure and to displace oil.

An injection well used for injecting fluids into an underground stratum to increase reservoir pressure.

Application of hydraulic pressure to the reservoir formation to create fractures through which oil or gas may move to the well bore.

A well into which gas in injected for the purpose of maintaining or supplementing pressure in an oil reservoir. More commonly called a gas injection well.

Hydrocarbons which are in the gaseous state under reservoir conditions but which become liquid either in passage up the hole or at the surface.

Those portions of reservoir gas which are liquefied at the surface in field facilities or gas processing plants.

The amount of the pore volume of a reservoir rock that is filled by water, oil, or gas and measured in routine core analysis.

1. the activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of oil and gas or for other purposes, such as injection; the method by which one or more flow paths for hydrocarbons are established between the reservoir and the surface.

An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on or related to, the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition.

Injection of gases or liquids into a reservoir to force oil toward and into producing wells.

A well drilled to permit more effective extraction of oil from a reservoir. Sometimes called a development well. See development well.

1.a high-pressure gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir pressure.

A permeable rock that may contain oil or gas in appreciable quantity and through which petroleum may migrate.

The study of the flow of gases and liquids of special importance to mud engineers and reservoir engineers.

A type of sedimentary rock similar to limestone but containing more than 50 percent magnesium carbonate; sometimes a reservoir rock for petroleum.

A reservoir formation in which fluid or plastic masses of rock material originated at unknown depths and pierced or lifted the overlying sedimentary strata.

An examination of reservoir fluid in a laboratory under various pressures, volumes, and temperatures to determine the characteristics and behavior of the fluid.

A system of operating a certain oil and condensate reservoir in order to conduct some form of pressure maintenance, repressuring, waterflood, or other cooperative form to increase ultimate recovery.

Seamless steel or aluminum pipe made up in the drill stem between the kelly or top drive on the surface and the drill collars on the bottom. During drilling, it is usually rotated while drilling fluid is circulated through it. Drill pipe joints are available in three ranges of length: 18 to 22 feet, 27 to 30 feet, and 38 to 45 feet. The most popular length is 27 to 30 feet. It is available with outside diameters ranging from 2 7/8 to 5 1/2 inches. Several joints are made up (screwed together) to form the drill string.

Generally, the first string of casing in a well. It may be lowered into a hole drilled into the formations near the surface and cemented in place; it may be driven into the ground by a special pile driver (in such cases, it is sometimes called drive pipe); or it may be jetted into place in offshore locations. Its purpose is to prevent the soft formations near the surface from caving in and to conduct drilling mud from the bottom of the hole to the surface when drilling starts. Also called conductor pipe.

The reduction of permeability in a reservoir rock caused by the invasion of drilling fluid and treating fluids to the section adjacent to the wellbore. Often call skin damage.

A formation fluid sampling device, actually run on conductor line rather than wireline, that also logs flow and shut-in pressure in rock near the borehole. A spring mechanism holds a pad firmly against the sidewall while a piston creates a vacuum in a test chamber. Formation fluids enter the tes5t chamber through a valve in the pad. A recorder logs the rate at which the test chamber is filled. Fluids may also be drawn to fill a sampling chamber. Wireline formation tests may be done any number of times during one tip in the hole, so they are very useful in formation testing.

Oil as it exists at atmospheric conditions in a stock tank. Stock tank oil lacks much of the dissolved gas present at reservoir pressure and temperatures.

The force exerted by a body of fluid at rest. It increases directly with the density and the depth of the fluid and is expressed in pounds per square inch or kilopascals. The hydrostatic pressure of fresh water is 0.433 pounds per square inch per foot of depth (9.792 kilopascals per meter). In drilling, the term refers to the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid in the wellbore. In a water drive field, the term refers to the pressure that may furnish the primary energy for production.

A sedimentary rock composed of individual mineral grains of rock fragments between 1/16 and 2 millimeters in diameter and cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, and so forth. Sandstone is commonly porous and permeable and therefore a likely type of rock in which to find a petroleum reservoir.

An exploration method in which an instrument that measure the intensity of the natural magnetic forces existing in the earth's subsurface is passed over the surface or through the water. The instrument can detect deviations in magnetic forces, and such deviations may indicate the existence of an underground hydrocarbon reservoir.

A method of preparing a well for production in which no production casing or liner is set opposite the producing formation. Reservoir fluids flow unrestricted into the open wellbore. An open-hole completion has limited use in rather special situations. Also called a barefoot completion.

N:a unit of measure of permeability. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 darcy when differential pressure of 1 atmosphere across a sample 1 centimeter long and 1 square centimeter in cross section will force a liquid of 1 centipoise of viscosity through the sample at the rate of 1 cubic centimeter per second. The permeability of reservoir rocks is usually so low that it is measured in millidarcys.

To create holes in casing and cement set through a productive formation. A common method of completing a well is to set casing through the oil-bearing formation and cement it. A perforating gun is then lowered into the hole and fired to detonate high-powered jets or shoot steel projectiles (bullets) through the casing and cement and into the pay zone. The formation fluids flow out of the reservoir through the perforations and into the wellbore. See perforating gun.

Repressuring of an oil-field to maintain original pressure. The use of water flooding or natural gas recycling during primary recovery to provide additional formation pressure and displacement energy that can supplement and conserve natural reservoir drives. Although commonly begun during primary production, pressure maintenance methods are often considered to be a form of enhanced oil recovery.

Usually a single well drilled offshore by a mobile offshore drilling unit to produce hydrocarbons from the outer fringes of a reservoir that cannot be produced by primary development wells drilled from a permanent drilling structure (as a platform rig). Sometimes, several satellite wells will be drilled to exploit marginal reservoirs and avoid the enormous expense of erecting a platform.

A method of improved recovery in which water is injected into a reservoir to remove additional quantities of oil that have been left behind after primary recovery. Waterflooding usually involves the injection of water through wells specially set up for water injection and the removal of water and oil from production wells drilled adjacent to the injection wells.

A test that measures the reservoir pressure of the well, obtained at a specific depth or at the midpoint of the producing zone. A flowing bottomhole pressure test measures pressure while the well continues to flow; a shut-in bottomhole pressure test measures pressure after the well has been shut in for a specified period of time. See bottomhole pressure, bottomhole pressure gauge.

The ability of a rock to transmit fluid through the pore spaces. - A key influence on the rate of flow, movement and drainage of the fluids. There is no necessary relation between porosity and permeability. A rock may be highly porous and yet impermeable if there is no communication between pores. A highly porous sand is usually highly permeable. A measure of the ease with which a fluid flows through the connecting pore spaces of rock or cement. The unit of measurement is the millidarcy. Fluid conductivity of a porous medium. Ability of a fluid to flow within the interconnected pore network of a porous medium.